Finances of the Monarchy

For centuries, the government has provided financial support to the Monarch. Since 2012/13, this has been known as the Sovereign Grant, as provided for under the Sovereign Grant Act 2011. This was introduced to consolidate different sources of financial support (including the long-standing Civil List) while improving accountability of spending on the Monarch’s “official duties”. The Grant includes funding for:

• the maintenance of Royal residences known as the Occupied Royal Palaces, which are used for formal entertaining and ceremonial events;
• Royal travel for official engagements in the UK and overseas undertaken by the King and other members of the Royal Family acting on his behalf;
• employment costs for Royal Household staff who support the work of the King as head of state.

The Sovereign Grant rose to £137.9 million in 2026/27. The level of the Grant is linked to, but not directly derived from, profits from the Crown Estate, a portfolio of land. The Grant is reviewed every five years and the most recent review commenced in 2026. The government intends to introduce a Sovereign Grant Bill 2026-27 which will “reset” (lower) the Grant once the current work to reservice Buckingham Palace comes to an end. Subject to this legislation, the amount will be £99.9 million in 2027/28. This is 65% higher in real terms than in 2016/17, just before the Buckingham Palace Reservicing Programme began. The Bill will also introduce a mechanism allowing for future reductions to prevent “inappropriately high funding”.

Some elements of the procedure on bills relating to royal finances are unusual, although they follow in broad structure the approach taken for any bill authorising new expenditure.

On 14 July the King sent a message to the Commons, requesting that:

consideration should be given by the House of Commons to the provision made by Parliament for the financial support of His Majesty and other members of the Royal Household, and to the arrangements to be made for the continuation of such support in the reigns of His successors.

This was accompanied by a separate message to the Lords asking it “to concur in the adoption of such measures as the House of Commons may propose as suitable”.

In September 2026, the Commons will consider a resolution upon which the Sovereign Grant Bill 2026-27 can be founded. A motion (in the name of the Chancellor) is on the Order Paper for 16 July that:

(1) provision be made amending the Sovereign Grant Act 2011

(a) to specify the amount of the Sovereign Grant for the financial year 2027-28;

(b) to specify the percentage of the income account net surplus of the Crown Estate to be used by the Royal Trustees to determine the amount of the Sovereign Grant in subsequent financial years;

(c) to confer a duty and a power on the Treasury to specify the amount of the Sovereign Grant in subsequent financial years in certain circumstances; and

(d) for connected purposes;

(2) any increase attributable to such provision in the sums payable under that Act should be payable out of money provided by Parliament.

In addition to the Sovereign Grant, the King receives income (via the Privy Purse) from the Duchy of Lancaster (a landed estate), while the Prince of Wales receives net profits from the Duchy of Cornwall. The two Duchies are independently audited and subject to various Acts of Parliament. The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster is a Cabinet position with residual duties in that Duchy. There have been occasional calls for revenue from both Duchies to be “surrendered” alongside that from the Crown Estate. Finally, the King derives private income from investments and inherited wealth, which is not made public. Critics have suggested Royal finances are “shrouded in fog”.

There is no legal obligation for the King or Prince of Wales to pay tax. Since 1993, however, the Monarch and her or his heir has voluntarily paid statutory rates of income tax on income from the Duchies and earnings from personal investments but not on the Sovereign Grant. Capital gains and inheritance tax are also paid in certain circumstances. Similarly, local taxation is paid on a voluntary basis. This is set out in a non-statutory Memorandum of Understanding between the Treasury and the Royal Household.

The King owns property “in right of” the Crown or the United Kingdom, for example the Crown Estate, government buildings, the Occupied Royal Palaces and the Royal Collection, but can neither dispose of this freely nor derive direct income from it.

There is a file attached to the landing page of this briefing with more detailed figures.