These Regulations are made in exercise of the powers conferred by section 8(1) of, and paragraph 21 of Schedule 7 to, the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (c. 16) in order to address failures of retained EU law to operate effectively and other deficiencies (in particular under section 8(2)(a), (b), (c) and (g)) arising from the withdrawal of the UK from the European Union, and in exercise of powers conferred by section 2(2) of the European Communities Act 1972 (in respect of regulations 3 and 4).