These Regulations are made in exercise of the powers conferred by section 8(1) of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (c. 16) in order to address failures of retained EU law to operate effectively and other deficiencies (in particular under section 8(2)(a) to (d) and (g)) arising from the withdrawal of the United Kingdom (“UK”) from the European Union. They are also made in exercise of the powers conferred by section 8C of that Act to implement, and deal with matters arising out of or related to, the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland in the EU withdrawal agreement (the “NI Protocol”).