These Regulations amend both the Passenger Car (Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions Information) Regulations 2001 (“the 2001 Regulations”) and the Road Vehicles (Approval) Regulations 2009 (“the 2009 Regulations”) in order to deal with amendments to the European Union legislation which they implement. They also amend the 2009 Regulations, the Motorcycles (Type-Approval) Regulations 2018 (“the Motorcycles Regulations”) and the Agricultural and Forestry Vehicles (Type-Approval) Regulations 2018 (“the AFV Regulations”) to introduce offence provisions in relation to the use of defeat systems / devices to cheat emissions testing, together with minor technical amendments to the Motorcycles Regulations and AFV Regulations to correct minor defects in those instruments.