These Regulations are made in exercise of the powers in section 8(1) of, and paragraph 21 of Schedule 7 to, the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (c.16), in order to address failures of retained EU law to operate effectively and other deficiencies (in particular the deficiencies under paragraphs (b), (c), (e) and (g) of section 8(2) of the Act) arising from the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. These Regulations are also made in exercise of the powers in section 2(2) of the European Communities Act 1972 (c.68).