These Regulations are made in exercise of the powers conferred by section 8(1) of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 in order to address failures of retained EU law to operate effectively and other deficiencies (in particular under section 8(2)(c) of that Act) arising from the withdrawal of the UK from the European Union. They are also made in exercise of the powers conferred by sections 12 and 14 of the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 which make provision for recognition of professional qualifications and equal treatment and provisions implementing the withdrawal agreement, the EEA EFTA separation agreement and the Swiss citizens’ rights agreement (as those agreements are defined in section 39(1) of that Act),