These Regulations are made in exercise of the powers conferred by section 8(1) of, and paragraph 21 of Schedule 7 to, the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (c. 16), and complementary powers in the Vehicle Excise and Registration Act 1994 (i.e. sections 22 and 57), in order to address failures of retained EU law to operate effectively and other deficiencies in retained EU law (in particular under section 8(2)(a), (c) and (g)) arising from the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union.