These Regulations are made in exercise of the powers in sections 8(1) and 8C of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (c.16) in order to address failures of retained EU law to operate effectively and other deficiencies (in particular under section 8(2)(a) and (g) of that Act) arising from the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, and in order to give effect to the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland in the withdrawal agreement, respectively.