These Regulations are made in exercise of the powers in section 8 of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (c.16) in order to address failures of retained EU law to operate effectively and other deficiencies arising from the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. Regulations 2, 3 and 4 each correct a deficiency of the type mentioned in section 8(2)(a) and (g) – matters which have no practical application to the United Kingdom or are otherwise redundant, and EU references which are no longer appropriate.