These Regulations are made in exercise of the powers conferred by section 2(2) of the European Communities Act 1972 (c. 68) and section 8(1) of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (c.16), in the latter case to address failures of retained EU law to operate effectively and other deficiencies (in particular under sections 8(2)(c), (d) and (g)) arising from the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union.