These Regulations implement Directive 2012/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21st November 2012, establishing a single European railway area (recast) (O.J. No. L 343, 14.12.12, p. 32) (“the Directive”). The Directive repeals three key EU measures: (1) Council Directive 91/440/EEC of 29th July 1991 on the development of the Community's railways (O.J. No. L 237, 24.8.91, p. 25); (2) Council Directive 95/18/EC of 19th June 1995 on the licensing of railway undertakings (O.J. No. L143, 27.6.95, p. 70); and (3) Directive 2001/14/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26th February 2001 on the allocation of railway infrastructure capacity and the levying of charges for the use of railway infrastructure (O.J. No. L 75, 5.03.01, p. 29), together with the various directives which amend them (listed in Annex IX of the Directive), and consolidates these provisions in one place.