These Regulations are made in part in exercise of the powers conferred by section 8(1) of, and paragraph 21(b) of Schedule 7 to, the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (c.16) in order to address failures of retained EU law to operate effectively and correct other deficiencies (in particular under paragraphs (a), (b), (c), (e) and (g) of section 8(2) of that Act) arising from the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. They are also made in part in exercise of the powers conferred by section 8C of that Act to implement the Northern Ireland Protocol and by section 41 of the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 (c.1).