These Regulations are made in exercise of the powers in section 8(1) of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (c. 16) (in particular under section 8(2)(a), (d) and (g)), in order to address failures of retained EU law to operate effectively and other deficiencies arising from the withdrawal of the UK from the European Union. These Regulations are also made in exercise of the powers in section 2(2) of the European Communities Act 1972 (c. 68) for reasons unconnected to the withdrawal of the UK from the European Union.