These Regulations are made in exercise of the powers conferred by section 8 of, and paragraph 21 of Schedule 7 to, the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (c. 16) (in particular under section 8(2)(a), (b), (d) and (g)) in order to address failures in retained EU law to operate effectively and other deficiencies arising from the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. These Regulations extend to the United Kingdom but apply only in England and in Northern Ireland except as otherwise provided in paragraphs (4) and (5) of regulation 1.