These Regulations give effect to exemptions available to EU member States under Articles 2(4), 2(5) and 16(2) of Regulation (EU) No 181/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 2011 concerning the rights of passengers in bus and coach transport and amending Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 (“Regulation 181/2011”). This is directly applicable in member States.