Part 2, Chapter 1 and Part 3, Chapter 1 of these Regulations are made in exercise of the powers conferred by sections 8(1) and 8C(1) of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (c. 16) in order to address failures of retained direct EU legislation to operate effectively and other deficiencies (in particular paragraphs (a), (ea) and (g) of section 8(2)) arising from the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, and to deal with matters arising out of, or related to, the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland in the EU withdrawal agreement.