Parental responsibility in England and Wales

What is parental responsibility?

Parental responsibility is distinct from legal parentage and is defined by the Children Act 1989 as “all the rights, duties, powers, responsibilities and authority which by law a parent of a child has in relation to the child and [their] property”.

The scope of parental responsibility is not defined in the children act but aspects of it have been acknowledged by the courts. This includes, for example, determining the child’s education and consenting to their medical treatment.

While each person with parental responsibility can generally make day-to-day decisions about the child independently, agreement is usually needed for important decisions such as which school the child should attend.

Where there is a dispute between those who have parental responsibility, the court can be asked to decide the issue. When a court makes any decision about a child’s upbringing its “paramount consideration” is the child’s welfare.

The extent to which a person can exercise their parental responsibility generally diminishes as a child gets older. Parental responsibility ceases when a child reaches 18 years of age.

How is parental responsibility acquired?

A child’s birth mother automatically acquires parental responsibility from birth. This is also the case for fathers and second female partners if they are married or in a civil partnership with the child’s mother. Unmarried partners do not automatically have parental responsibility but they can acquire it in several ways, including by being registered on the child’s birth certificate.

It is also possible for non-parents to acquire parental responsibility.

Surrogacy and proposed reform

A surrogate mother, irrespective of whether they are genetically related to the child, is the child’s legal mother at birth. Who the second legal parent is at birth depends on the circumstances.

To pass responsibility for the child to the intended parents, a “parental order” can be obtained from the courts after the child is born. This has the effect of conferring both legal parenthood and parental responsibility on the intended parents.

In a joint report published in March 2023, the Law Commission of England and Wales, and the Scottish Law Commission recommended reforms (PDF) to the law on surrogacy. Under the proposals, intended parents would be able to become the child’s legal parents at birth without having to apply for a parental order. The government has not yet published a full response to the report.

How is parental responsibility lost?

The only circumstances where a child’s legal mother can lose parental responsibility is through an adoption order, or a parental order (in respect of a surrogate child that the mother gave birth to).

This is the same where a father or other parent acquired parental responsibility by being married to or in a civil partnership with the mother at the time of the birth.

Where a child’s father or other parent acquired parental responsibility through other means it can be brought to an end by a court order.

The court can also restrict a person’s parental responsibility by making an order that in some way limits their rights in relation to the child without terminating their parental responsibility completely.

Reforms

The Victims and Prisoners Act 2024 includes provisions providing for the restriction of parental responsibility where a parent is convicted of the murder or manslaughter (in some cases) of their child’s other parent (section 18). The provisions have not yet been brought into force. The government has said implementation is planned for the end of December 2026.

The Victims and Courts Bill is currently progressing through parliament. Following amendments at Commons report stage, the bill currently provides for a person’s parental responsibility to be restricted where they are sentenced to four or more years of imprisonment for a serious sexual offence against any child (the bill originally provided for the restriction to only apply where the offender had parental responsibility for the child).

Following a government new clause agreed at Commons report stage, the bill also provides for a person’s parental responsibility for a child to be restricted where they are convicted of a rape that resulted in the birth of the child.