Tackling Unsustainable Debt

Question

Asked by

To ask His Majesty’s Government what progress they have made towards tackling unsustainable debt in cooperation with partners in the global South, as set out in the Labour Party Manifesto 2024.

My Lords, as set out in our manifesto, tackling unsustainable debt in low-income countries is a key development priority for this Government. We are working closely with partners to strengthen and speed up the G20 common framework to enhance debt transparency for debtor and creditors. We have set up the new London Coalition on Sustainable Sovereign Debt, co-chaired by my honourable friend the Economic Secretary, to promote contractual innovations for increased resilience and to make restructurings quicker.

My Lords, the UK High Court has ordered South Sudan, one of the world’s poorest countries, to pay $657 million in debt servicing to a for-profit bank. That is half its annual income. Surely we have the power and moral responsibility to prevent this happening. The previous Government passed Andrew Gwynne’s debt relief Act, so will this Government consider introducing an updated law to support millions of people in debt-distressed countries?

I am very grateful to my noble friend for her question and I pay tribute to her considerable expertise on these issues; I know she served as shadow Minister for Africa for several years. The Government fully agree that private creditors must play their part in debt restructurings. The Paris Club and now the G20, as part of its commitment to co-ordinate on debt treatments under the common framework, are clear on our collective expectation that private creditors must participate in restructurings on terms at least as favourable as those provided by official creditors. Overall, we have seen evidence of private creditors’ willingness to engage and provide debt treatments where needed.

While the Government appreciate the intentions of those proposing legislation in this area, we are concerned about the potential negative impacts that such legislation could have, specifically on the cost of finance for developing countries. As such, the UK is not currently pursuing legislation, given the existing lack of evidence to justify such an approach and the potentially adverse wider consequences. We will, of course, continue to keep the evidence and our position under review.

My noble friend specifically mentioned South Sudan. As I understand the complex situation with Afreximbank—an African financial institution based in Cairo—South Sudan is not undergoing a multilateral restructuring with official creditors, so it is not clear that legislation would improve that situation.

My Lords, does the Minister recognise that the concerns he just expressed about the legislation referred to by the noble Baroness, Lady Brown, are exactly the sorts of concerns that were issued in advance of Andrew Gwynne’s Act in 2010 and that were found, on review, to be without merit? Does he recognise that, for over 3 billion people living in countries that spend more on debt servicing than on public services such as health and education, the risk of action is far less than the devastating impact of inaction?

I absolutely recognise what the noble Lord says. It is important to recognise that the debt relief Act was different in scope and scale. It targeted a small, ring-fenced amount of historical debt. Current proposals for legislation would impact all future debt contracts written under English law. We have significant concerns about the impacts of that on the cost of capital at a time when global liquidity is constrained.

That is not to say—as the noble Lord rightly advises—that we are not taking action. We are absolutely taking action and we believe that multilateral action is the right way forward, predominantly through the common framework established by the G20. The Chancellor has also established the London coalition, which was launched on 23 June and provides exactly what is needed: a formal avenue to engage with private creditors to ensure long-term stable flows of capital to emerging markets.

My Lords, the global South has suffered for decades, trapped under an ideology imposed from the outside of privatisation, austerity and deregulation. Will the Minister and the Government ensure that future arrangements allow an escape from that ideology towards investment in the essential systems of health, education and democratic engagement?

That is exactly what our approach is designed to do. As I have said, multilateral action is the right way forward. The G20 common framework remains the best available tool for us to tackle debt vulnerabilities, bringing together traditional and newer creditors to co-ordinate on debt treatment, which is critical given the more diverse creditor landscape that we currently face.

My Lords, reinforcing the point that global co-operation and international institutions need to be not only defended but promoted in dealing with world debt and poverty, it is exactly 20 years since the Gleneagles agreement, which was reached in 2005 after the Make Poverty History campaign—one of the most successful democratic campaigns ever. Does my noble friend agree that we should celebrate that and see off those who would destroy those international conventions and institutions, and destroy how we can use our democracy to bring about change?

I absolutely agree with my noble friend and thank him for what he says. He and I were part of the last Labour Government who saw such historic action on debt relief, and I agree that we should celebrate that and remind the world of it. Of course, the world is a different place now; the creditor landscape is very different. Previously, most of the debt was held by Paris Club members and multilateral institutions. Now, borrowers increasingly rely on non-Paris Club members, specifically China and the commercial sector. So the action that we need to take now is different from that which was taken before. My noble friend rightly says that multilateral institutions are important; the onus is on us to strengthen those institutions, speed them up and ensure that they work better than they do currently.

My Lords, this year marks the 25th anniversary of the Jubilee 2000 campaign—a remarkable coming together of tens of millions of people from around the world, which led to around $130 billion of debt being cancelled across 36 countries. It allowed those countries to reinvest in education, healthcare and poverty alleviation. The Pope has also declared this year a year of Jubilee and set up a commission to look at international debt relief. What are the Government doing to learn from the Jubilee 2000 campaign and to engage with faith communities and charities working in this sector?

My noble friend Lady Chapman tells me that we are doing exactly as the right reverend Prelate seeks. I completely agree with him on the history of the Jubilee movement. The UK wants to see effective solutions to those debt challenges. We strongly support the IMF’s three-pillar approach to providing support to countries facing immediate liquidity pressures. Where a country needs to restructure its debt, as I have said before, the common framework remains the best available tool to do so. We are focused on ensuring that the common framework delivers more timely, orderly and co-ordinated restructuring.

My Lords, further to my noble friend’s question on the scale of the debt servicing costs as related to health and education costs, we know from Center for Global Development information that, as a result of western countries cutting development partnership support—the UK is cutting this by up to 40%—many of the least developed nations are borrowing more to fill the gap for the very programmes we are cutting. What assessment are His Majesty’s Government making of the countries for which we have cut development partnership support, which are borrowing more to fill the gap that we have created?

I do not know the specific answer to the noble Lord’s question, I am afraid. I am very happy to write to him to fill that in. As I have said, the action we are taking at a multilateral level is proven to be the most effective route that we can take to tackle these issues.

My Lords, does the Minister agree that many countries themselves now need to focus on tackling their debt, which can so easily become unsustainable? That obviously includes countries in the global South and, indeed, much closer to home, where a tick back up in inflation risks increasing debt servicing costs. We have a debt problem on a wide scale.

The noble Baroness is correct in saying that debt sustainability is the primary responsibility of borrowing countries, but I think lending countries such as the UK also have an important role to play in supporting these efforts through providing capacity-building support, following best practice in sustainable lending and pressing for reform of internationally agreed frameworks on assessing debt sustainability. In line with the UK’s commitment to the OECD sustainable lending practices, the UK considers debt sustainability when providing financing, particularly in cases of lending to countries deemed at high risk of debt distress.