My Lords, I beg to move that these regulations, which were laid before the House on 26 April 2023, be considered. They form part of a series of secondary legislation needed to effectively implement the register of overseas entities. The register of overseas entities, which I will refer to as the register, was created under Part 1 of the Economic Crime (Transparency and Enforcement) Act 2022, which I will refer to as the Act.
The register will help crack down on dirty Russian money in the UK and corrupt foreign elites abusing the openness of our economy. Overseas entities owning or buying property or land in the UK must give information about their beneficial owners or managing officers to Companies House. Law enforcement agencies now have a wealth of new information to help them track down criminals using UK property or land as a vehicle for money laundering.
On 1 August 2022, the register went live, with the deadline for registering set at 31 January this year. There has been a high level of compliance, with more than 28,100 overseas entities already registered to date. Entities that disposed of land before the end of the transitional period were required to provide statements with information about their beneficial owners and details of the land disposals, such as the title numbers. More than 750 have provided details to Companies House, having disposed of all their interests before the end of the transition period. This means that just under 29,000 entities have complied with the requirements. While that leaves up to a few thousand entities still to register, some of these are believed to have been dissolved or struck off and others have not kept their addresses up to date with the land registries. This means that they may not have received letters from Companies House.
I know noble Lords will want reassurance that compliance and enforcement action is being taken. This takes time but is well under way. Companies House continues to work to increase compliance even further and is preparing cases for enforcement action. Any overseas entity that has failed to register is already restricted from selling, leasing or raising charges over land that they own. Overseas entities are also unable to register any new purchase of UK land without first registering. These are novel and severe sanctions.
It is worth reminding noble Lords that, when the draft Registration of Overseas Entities Bill was scrutinised by Parliament in 2019, the Joint Committee on Human Rights warned of the severity of these restrictions, in particular the “chilling effect” that this would have. The Government took these concerns seriously but felt that the sanction was proportionate given the register’s policy objectives. This shows the seriousness of the sanction and the need for the Government to balance our approach to enforcement so as not to deter legitimate investment into the UK.
My Lords, I thank the Minister for that extremely clear and helpful explanation of the statutory instrument. As he will be well aware, we are now in the middle of considering the second economic crime Bill in two years. This deals with a number of issues that overlap with those two pieces of legislation, in particular the position of Companies House and how far it will have the additional staff needed to handle its new responsibilities and ensure that this SI and the other elements of those two pieces of legislation will be effectively enforced. I would welcome any reassurance he might give on that.
It is encouraging how much compliance there has been so far. It will be interesting and useful to know how stubborn the remaining non-compliant areas are. What is the scale of the unregistered land and properties that we still face in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland? We are all aware of stories of large houses in Hampstead that have been unoccupied for many years and whose ownership is unclear. Is this SI likely to end that situation so that business rates can be properly levied, and so that ownership will be clear and, if necessary, come under scrutiny and be changed?
I am interested in the remark about an alleged chilling effect from forcing everyone to comply. I have a certain interest in this, since my wife and I are thinking about downsizing and are looking at aspects of the London property market. On looking at a major new development on the South Bank some months ago, we were told that just over 40% of the apartments had already been sold to foreign buyers. I wonder whether the Government have looked at the impact of full compliance with the new overseas ownership regulations and whether they think that will have a marked effect on the London housing market—and possibly on London house prices, which the Wallace family would welcome.
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I want to ask a little about how we can be assured that financial penalties themselves can be enforced, given that these overseas beneficial owners will be in a range of different jurisdictions, many of them not particularly friendly to the United Kingdom and not particularly open to the United Kingdom, whether it be Panama, Bahrain, Malaysia or Hong Kong, all of which have difficult arrangements.
The Minister mentioned charges on the property. Does that imply, as I hope it does, that, when a financial penalty is imposed, it is held against the property and that, if necessary, if it is not paid, the property will in effect be confiscated?
Are there any other specific issues that relate to Northern Ireland about which we should be aware, or is this simply a matter of slightly different legislation? Is a substantial amount of land in Northern Ireland owned by anonymous overseas owners? Are there particular security dimensions there which might require more people to want to maintain the anonymity of ownership than on the mainland? We are well aware of some of the complexities of the situation there.
In general, however, having asked those questions, naturally we welcome this SI as we welcomed both last year’s Act and this year’s Bill. We look forward to a stronger Companies House enforcing this regime and we hope that it will have a highly beneficial effect on the British housing market, on reducing the amount of illicit finance coming into the United Kingdom, and on what the Treasury receives from business rates and what local authorities receive from property rates in future.
I add my thanks to the Minister for his opening remarks and the detail that he went into in explaining the nature of the SI before us. I preface my comments by picking up on one remark that he made, that the whole purpose of this is not to deter investment. We are always looking at finding the bad actors in this situation, rather than bringing in penalties that will have a detrimental effect on businesses’ ability to attract investment.
We regard this as an important statutory instrument, and I am sure the Minister will agree with me that it is very overdue. We know that there were conversations around this and action was taken by David Cameron back in 2016. We have to acknowledge that it is a tragedy that it took the war in Ukraine to precipitate the action that we have seen thus far. I hope we do not get into a Groundhog Day situation, as I know that we will probably engage in further conversations around this when we head into Report on the Bill next week. However, that is the nature of the fast-moving situation that we are in. Many of the issues that have been touched on today have been discussed at length in Committee on the Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Bill, so I do not want to repeat too much of that, knowing that we will come back to it.
As I say, we support provisions within this SI and believe that they are common sense, but we have to acknowledge that the delays have been at a cost.
I believe the fine is currently set at £2,500 per day. Is it the case that no one has yet been issued with a penalty? It would be good to clarify where we are in the process. We certainly want to see action stepped up against those failing to comply with the new legislation, and we know that there are those who are yet to face financial penalties. The spirit running through all the debates about the next stages of this is of wanting the system to be as robust as possible. In particular, as the Minister mentioned, this presents us with an opportunity to bring in further measures and strengthening, but the question that will run throughout this, which he probably cannot answer at the moment, is whether it will be fit for purpose and will cover all the issues that come up.
I thank both noble Lords for their valuable contributions to this debate—not just now but in the past.
The Government are absolutely committed to ensuring that the register is robust and effective at tackling the use of UK property to launder money. These regulations provide mechanisms that ensure the register operates effectively. A clear and effective procedure for the imposition and enforcement of penalties will serve as a deterrent against non-compliance and bad actors, as well as punishing guilty parties, including by potentially imposing charges over their land.
The provisions relating to the dispositions in Northern Ireland extend the same treatment to the entirety of the UK. They allow the registration of land, where it would otherwise be prohibited, for the benefit of those who act in good faith, and ensures that their interests are not affected by the actions of non-compliant overseas entities.
The points that noble Lords have discussed today highlight the necessity of the measures contained in these regulations. I will try to address some of these now. The noble Lord, Lord Wallace, raised a number of extremely important issues, and I will take them in the order I wrote them down.
On the question of proper funding for Companies House, there are two elements of funding, which total a maximum of about £83 million in any one period; that should certainly be enough. I think one can see from the work it has already achieved that it has made great strides. I am not saying the work is finished, but it has made great strides towards achieving the whole purpose of the register and, through that, giving the registrar the leeway to concentrate on the people who have not yet fully complied.
On the continuous rate of compliance, I think we last met here on about 2 May. Since then, Companies House has had 600 more applications for compliance. That rate of about 100 a week is continuing, so the process is working.
If I am right, I completed talking about the compliance rate, which I hope answers the noble Lord’s query.
On the question of the marked effect on the market, I suppose one will have to wait and see what the market response is. As the noble Baroness said, we must not affect the investment market because inward investment into this country is extremely important. We are trying to catch the people who are trying to launder dirty money but there are many more people who are trying to invest legitimately. Whether the market is actually affected by this instrument, I am not so sure. It is an enormous market and we are not talking about a vast number of properties. It is a very difficult question to answer. It is a balance between having severe penalties for those who are flouting the law and allowing proper, genuine inward investment.
On the question about how enforcement action will take place, the answer is that the fine can be enforced as any judgment debt. This would include a charge on the property, which could indeed lead to repossession and, ultimately, the sale of the property.
I think I have answered the question on Northern Ireland. It is not a significant number of properties in Northern Ireland, as I understand it. The purpose of the SI is just to ensure that there is commonality—it is a levelling-up issue—throughout the whole of the United Kingdom.
Some of the issues that the noble Baroness, Lady Blake, raised have been covered by some of those answers. Her initial point about deterring investment was very well made: that is certainly something we do not want to do. We have already discussed the detail of this, but she mentioned the fine being set at £2,500 a day. The actual amount can be limitless. The courts can issue and aggregate that fine, depending on the scale of the penalty. The instrument is as robust as possible, and I believe it is fit for purpose.
Motion agreed.
Once the Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Bill receives Royal Assent, a further enforcement tool will be added to our arsenal. A person who receives a financial penalty from the registrar or is convicted of an offence may be disqualified from acting as a UK director. Once that Bill receives Royal Assent, I will also bring forward further regulations under new and amended powers to further strengthen the register’s requirements.
I now turn to the details of this instrument. These regulations deal with two main areas: financial penalties arising from offences in relation to the register; and the treatment of land disposed of in Northern Ireland by overseas entities and the rights of those acting in good faith. The Bill sets out that the registrar may impose a financial penalty as an alternative to criminal prosecution. This instrument sets out the procedure for imposing and enforcing these financial penalties. A financial penalty could be imposed on a variety of persons depending on the offence in question. For example, it could be imposed on the entity and its officers where an overseas entity has failed to register, a verifier who has knowingly submitted a false filing or a person who has failed to respond to an information notice sent by an overseas entity.
If the registrar suspects that a person has committed an offence, she may issue them with a written warning, giving them 28 days to make representations about their conduct. If the registrar is satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the person has committed an offence, she may issue a penalty notice in writing to that person, giving them 28 days to pay the penalty. If a person fails to pay, interest will accrue at the statutory interest rate of 8% per annum.
The instrument sets out that financial penalties imposed by the registrar may be fixed, set at a daily rate or a combination of both. Where the criminal fine set out in the Act is a fixed penalty, the registrar may impose multiple penalties in relation to the same conduct if the contravention continues. Subsequent penalties could be of increasingly higher amounts to encourage compliance. The instrument does not prescribe the specific financial penalties that may be imposed on each offence. Instead, it states that a financial penalty must not exceed the maximum fine that a court in the jurisdiction in which the offence was committed could impose under criminal proceedings. This flexibility allows non-compliant persons to be targeted proportionately and effectively and allows for penalties to be adjusted according to the seriousness and specifics of the case.
I will now briefly set out the approach that the registrar will take. Given that financial penalties are an alternative to criminal prosecution, the registrar will bear in mind the process that a court would follow. They will be proportionate, as the goal of the financial penalty regime is to encourage ongoing compliance with the requirements of the register. When deciding whether to prosecute and what sentence to give, courts follow sentencing guidelines to ensure that it is in the public interest to prosecute and that the sentence is proportionate to the seriousness of the offence. The registrar will also consider the public interest and be proportionate when imposing financial penalties.
The Act provides different maximum fine amounts and prison sentences commensurate with the nature of the offence. Contrary to recent reports, the Act does not set out that courts may impose daily fines for the failure to register offence. This means that the registrar cannot impose daily penalties either. Instead, the instrument allows the registrar to impose more than one penalty if non-compliance is ongoing.
For the failure to register offence, the Act sets out that, in England, Wales and Scotland, courts can impose an unlimited fine. In theory, this means that the registrar may impose an unlimited financial penalty if an overseas entity fails to register. As an indication of the seriousness of this offence, the registrar will review portfolios owned by overseas entities that fail to register.
The registrar will use a range of sources to estimate the value of the portfolio in question, including the UK house price index and data on business rates bands. The registrar will then apply different starting points for the financial penalties, depending on whether the estimated value of each property or piece of land falls into one of three bands. If its value is estimated to be in the lower band, the starting point for the penalty will be £10,000. If it is estimated to be in the middle band, that rises to £20,000. If it is estimated to be in the higher band, it rises again to £50,000.
If an overseas entity owns more than one property or piece of land, the penalty values will be added up to calculate its starting point. Given that interest will accrue at the statutory interest rate of 8% per annum, if an overseas entity fails to pay, the penalty will rise quickly. The registrar may also consider other aggravating factors, such as whether the person has committed the offence previously.
Where any financial penalty remains unpaid, it can be enforced as if it were a judgment debt, including by registering a charge against the property or land owned by an overseas entity. The registrar will keep the model under review before imposing financial penalties for failure to file the annual update on time. If the registrar finds that the level of penalties needs to be reviewed because they are not providing a sufficient deterrent, this instrument gives her the flexibility to do so.
The instrument gives the registrar the power to vary or revoke financial penalties on a case-by-case basis, for example if new information comes to light that aggravates or mitigates any offence. The instrument also sets out the grounds for appeal and the court’s powers in relation to that appeal.
This measure adds to the tools at the registrar’s disposal to promote compliance and maintain the register’s credibility as a vehicle for improving transparency and reducing the misuse of UK property by overseas entities. Companies House has been preparing to operationalise these regulations and will be ready to issue notices as soon as they come into force.
The second part of this instrument sets out the grounds for registering dispositions in Northern Ireland that would otherwise be prohibited. It amends Schedule 8A to the Land Registration Act (Northern Ireland) 1970 to provide a mechanism to allow the Secretary of State to consent to the registration of a land transaction that would otherwise be prohibited.
If a third party transacts with an overseas entity at a time when that entity is non-compliant with the register’s requirements, the third party will be prohibited from registering the transaction. For example, if they have purchased land from a non-compliant overseas entity, they will be unable to register themselves as the new proprietor. The intention of this sanction is to disincentivise anyone from transacting with non-compliant overseas entities. However, in certain circumstances, it is possible that a third party may transact in good faith without knowing that the overseas entity was non-compliant, resulting in their acquisition of a land title that cannot be registered with the Land Registry. The Act is not intended to penalise innocent third parties, so this mechanism is necessary for the effective functioning of land transactions. A similar mechanism is already available in England and Wales, and in Scotland.
The Bill’s expedited passage through Parliament last year left no time to include this mechanism in the draft Bill for Northern Ireland. Instead, a power was taken to make regulations, ensuring that consistency in the application of the requirements could be maintained across the UK. The instrument also inserts a regulation-making power into Schedule 8A to enable regulations to be made to specify how applications should be made, and makes other consequential amendments to Schedule 8A.
I close by emphasising once again that the measures in these regulations are crucial for the effective operation of a register that will crack down on dirty Russian money in the UK and corrupt foreign elites abusing the openness of our economy. I hope noble Lords will support these measures and their objectives. I commend these draft regulations to the Committee.
The extent to which over the last 20 years a number of new housing developments in London have been built specifically to be sold to foreign owners rather than to serve the needs of people who need housing here has been one of the scandals of our housing market, and we very much welcome this position now changing.
How soon after the passing of the SI will the registrar be able to issue financial penalties? I presume there will be a process of issuing warning notices. Has there been any provision for warning notices to be sent out in advance of the SI being passed? It would be helpful to know whether that is the case and therefore whether it will be possible for the registrar to move to those financial penalties as soon as the SI has been passed.
More generally, on timings, the dates of appeal on the warning notices suggest that a period of 28 days needs to be passed. Can we have some clarification? The draft regulations state that the period contained in any warning notices
“must be at least 28 days beginning on the day after the date of the warning notice”
being issued. If a company or entity disagreed with what was in the warning notice, would it have to make representation to the registrar within 28 days or after a minimum of 28 days? There is a need for some clarification. Also, if warning notices have been issued, have any written representations been received?
I also emphasise the issue that we have raised significantly. I am grateful to the noble Lord, Lord Johnson, for arranging for us to meet the registrar and some of her officers; it was a very instructive meeting. But, as has been outlined, I want to put on record our continuing concern about whether the level of resources will be fit for purpose, given the scale of change being brought in, the number of companies that we have heard about and the fact that there will be stubborn cases that are difficult to bring to a conclusion. We have had some reassurance that this will not be fixed in stone and that if the registrar feels that more resources are required, they will be able to come back to that. The issue is the sheer capacity and the fact that the status of those working in Companies House is being changed from recording information to taking action when there is suspicion of wrongdoing.
The other area that has generated a great deal of concern is the 25% threshold for beneficial ownership and the possibility of anonymity that it gives, enabling overseas entities access to UK properties and markets. I know there will be more discussion around this, but it is important to flag these matters whenever we have the opportunity. I hope the Minister will acknowledge that this area still presents a problem in getting underneath all the issues that need to be addressed. I thank him for his very clear explanation of the powers in the SI to consent to Northern Ireland dispositions.
I conclude by saying that, yes, we support the changes being introduced, but it is an area of huge concern. Economic crime is still increasing, as we know, and coming back to deal with unforeseen loopholes that might ensue will be an important part of the legislation before us. I very much look forward to the Minister’s response and to continuing the work on this important area.
The statutory instrument sets out that the register must allow a minimum of 28 days for the person to make representation following receipt of the warning notice. That period of notice will be issued at the same time as the warning notice.
On the question of how much action has already been taken, the answer is that no one has had a penalty yet. This SI allows Companies House to impose financial penalties. It has written to property and service addresses, but warning notices cannot be issued until the SI is in force. However, Companies House stands ready to issue warning notices as soon as the SI is actionable.
The Government fully understand the 25% beneficial ownership point. It is one that really needs careful watching; the Government and Companies House are fully aware of the potential ongoing issue that is likely to provide. I hope that answers some of the specific questions raised by noble Lords.
The register sets a new global standard for transparency and levels the playing field with property owned by UK companies, which must already disclose their beneficial owners to Companies House. This register is a crucial part of the Government’s fight against illicit finance. The Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Bill, which is currently before Parliament, will feature substantial changes to UK company and partnership law and will complement the Act. The Bill will introduce amendments to the Act which will further strengthen the requirements for overseas entities wishing to own land in the UK. For example, new measures in the Bill will require more information about overseas entities, including the title numbers of the properties held. It also introduces minimum age limits for managing officers to ensure that the details of a person aged over 16 are always provided—a point the noble Lord made when we last discussed this.
The Bill will also make further provisions for registrable beneficial owners in cases involving trusts. It includes an anti-avoidance mechanism to ensure that those in scope of the register when the Act was first published as a Bill in Parliament cannot circumvent its requirements. The laying of these regulations will complement the measures in the Act to ensure the register is as effective as possible. I commend these draft regulations to the Committee.